There are two relatively easy methods for associating a citation with a block of text. The PubMed Method works only with the PubMed identifier. The General Method creates a link to any web page.
Note: it is helpful to have two browser windows open simultaneously - one for the Orthopaedia page you are editing, another for the source you are citing.
PubMed Method (Preferred)
Using the PubMed Method within an article allows references to be cited in the body of an article and then collected into a Bibliography/Reference list at the end of the article.
In the body of an article simple include the {ref} macro as
{ref:PMID}
where PMID is the PubMed Identifier for the corresponding reference. The PMID can be copied from the bottom of the PubMed abstract.
For example:
Deep infections are among the most severe complications in total knee arthroplasty. Infection rates described in the first series published were
as high as 23%.{ref:11716377,12439249,15662313} In more recent papers, the figure ranges between 1% and 2% {ref:12439248} . In a recent review of
6,489 knees, this figure was brought down to 0.4% in primary surgeries and 1% in prosthetic revisions.
will display as
Deep infections are among the most severe complications in total knee arthroplasty. Infection rates described in the first series published were as high as 23%.
1
2
3
In more recent papers, the figure ranges between 1% and 2%.
4
In a recent review of 6,489 knees, this figure was brought down to 0.4% in primary surgeries and 1% in prosthetic revisions.
Now, at the bottom of your article insert a References Heading 3 followed by the {show-refs} macro
{show-refs}
and the previously cited references will be collated into an ordered list with duplicate references removed as show below
Peersman G, Laskin R, Davis J, Peterson M, 2001. "Infection in total knee replacement: a retrospective review of 6489 total knee replacements." Clin Orthop Relat Res (392): 15-23 [PubMed]
Abstract:
Six thousand four hundred eighty-nine knee replacements were done in 6120 patients at the authors' institution between 1993 and 1999. Operations were done in a theater with vertical laminar flow and with the surgical team using body exhaust suits. Of these knee replacements, 116 knees became infected and 113 were available for followup. One hundred of the infections occurred in patients undergoing primary knee replacement, whereas the remaining infections occurred in patients undergoing revision knee replacement. Ninety-seven of these knees (86%) had deep periprosthetic infections and the remaining 16 knees had superficial wound infections. One third of the deep infections occurred within the first 3 months after surgery and the remaining 2/3 occurred after 3 months. The overall early deep infection rate for patients undergoing a primary knee replacement was 0.39%, whereas the rate for patients undergoing a revision knee replacement was 0.97%. A cohort of noninfected knee replacements from patients matched for gender, age, and month of surgery was used as a control group. Those comorbidities that were statistically significant in increasing the risk of infection were prior open surgical procedures, immunosuppressive therapy, poor nutrition, hypokalemia, diabetes mellitus, obesity, and a history of smoking. Patients undergoing revision procedures had a statistically higher risk of infection than did patients undergoing primary surgeries. If the surgery took longer than 2.5 hours, the risk of infection was increased significantly. There was no change in the infection rate when the perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis was decreased from 48 to 24 hours after surgery. The predominant infectious organisms were gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Streptococcus Group B). Twenty percent of the knees that were infected clinically had no organisms that could be identified. In each case, the patient had been treated empirically at another institution with antibiotics before a culture of the joint was obtained.
Kilgus DJ, Howe DJ, Strang A, 2002. "Results of periprosthetic hip and knee infections caused by resistant bacteria." Clin Orthop Relat Res (404): 116-24 [PubMed]
Abstract:
Seventy patients with deep periprosthetic hip or knee infections were treated between May 1997 and March 2001. Thirty-five patients had periprosthetic infections of their total hip arthroplasties and 35 patients had periprosthetic infections of their total knee arthroplasties. The patients were subdivided into two subgroups: patients who had infections with Staphylococcal bacterial strains that were sensitive to methicillin and patients who had infections with bacteria that were resistant to methicillin (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis). Treatment was considered successful if the patient was able to retain his or her hip or knee prosthesis either as a result of irrigation and debridement procedures alone or after excision of the infected total hip or knee prosthesis followed by successful reimplantation. Treatment was considered a failure if the patient eventually required arthrodesis, amputation, or was left with a permanent excision arthroplasty. Hip replacements that were infected with antibiotic-sensitive bacteria were treated successfully in 81% of cases. In contrast, hip replacements infected with resistant organisms were treated successfully in only 48% of cases. Similarly, knee replacements infected with sensitive organisms had a success rate of 89%, compared with only 18% of the total knee replacements that were infected with resistant bacterial strains.
Hofmann AA, Goldberg T, Tanner AM, Kurtin SM, 2005. "Treatment of infected total knee arthroplasty using an articulating spacer: 2- to 12-year experience." Clin Orthop Relat Res (430): 125-31 [PubMed]
Abstract:
Fifty consecutive patients with late infected total knee arthroplasties were treated by debridement and removal of all components and cement, preserving the collateral ligaments. At the time of debridement, an articulating spacer was made to allow partial weightbearing and range of motion of the knee during rehabilitation. This spacer was implanted using antibiotic-impregnated bone cement. For this purpose, 4.8 g powdered tobramycin was mixed with 40 g Simplex cement. Cement was applied early to the components, but applied late to the femur, tibia, and patella to allow molding to the defects and bone without adherence to bone. Patients had tailored intravenous antibiotic therapy for 6 weeks for treatment of various gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. All patients had cemented revision total knee arthroplasty using antibiotic-impregnated cement with standard cementing techniques. Range of motion before reimplantation was 6 degrees -91 degrees . Followup averaged 73 months (range, 24-150 months). The average modified Hospital for Special Surgery knee score after revision was 89 points (range, 70-100 points) with 90% good to excellent results, excluding the results of patients with reinfection. Range of motion after reimplantation was 4 degrees -104 degrees. Six patients had recurrences of infection, and one patient with a poor postoperative range of motion had a fusion. Use of an articulating spacer achieved soft tissue compliance, allowed for ease of operation, reduced postoperative pain, improved function, and eradicated infection equal to standards reported in the literature. Level of Evidence: Therapeutic study, Level IV (case series-no, or historical controls).
Rorabeck CH, 2002. "Session IV: Salvage of the infected total knee replacement. Infection: the problem." Clin Orthop Relat Res (404): 113-5 [PubMed]
To create a simple list of citations on a page or generate a reading list you can also use the {pubmed} macro as
{pubmed:PMID}
where PMID is the PubMed Identifier
For example:
{pubmed:8816653}
will create
Click on citation to view abstract
Thu Jul 29 17:48:05 PDT 2010
Bernstein J, Adler LM, Blank JE, Dalsey RM, Williams GR, Iannotti JP, 1996. "Evaluation of the Neer system of classification of proximal humeral fractures with computerized tomographic scans and plain radiographs." J Bone Joint Surg Am 78 (9): 1371-5 [PubMed]
Abstract:
The intraobserver reliability and inter-observer reproducibility of the Neer classification system were assessed on the basis of the plain radiographs and computerized tomographic scans of twenty fractures of the proximal part of the humerus. To determine if the observers had difficulty agreeing only about the degree of displacement or angulation (but could determine which segments were fractured), a modified system (in which fracture lines were considered but displacement was not) also was assessed. Finally, the observers were asked to recommend a treatment for the fracture, and the reliability and re-producibility of that decision were measured. The radiographs and computerized tomographic scans were viewed on two occasions by four observers, including two residents in their fifth year of postgraduate study and two fellowship-trained shoulder surgeons. Kappa coefficients then were calculated. The mean kappa coefficient for intraobserver reliability was 0.64 when the fractures were assessed with radiographs alone, 0.72 when they were assessed with radiographs and computerized tomographic scans, 0.68 when they were classified according to the modified system in which displacement and angulation were not considered, and 0.84 for treatment recommendations; the mean kappa coefficients for interobserver reproducibility were 0.52, 0.50, 0.56, and 0.65, respectively. The interobserver reproducibility of the responses of the attending surgeons regarding diagnosis and treatment did not change when the fractures were classified with use of computerized tomographic scans in addition to radiographs or with use of the modified system in which displacement and angulation were not considered; the mean kappa coefficient was 0.64 for all such comparisons. Over-all, the addition of computerized tomographic scans was associated with a slight increase in intraobserver reliability but no increase in interobserver reproducibility. The classification of fractures of the shoulder remains difficult because even experts cannot uniformly agree about which fragments are fractured. Because of this underlying difficulty, optimum patient care might require the development of new imaging modalities and not necessarily new classification systems.
Note: If you click on the citation above the abstract will appear.
If you have more than one reference then separate the PMIDs by a comma.
For example:
{pubmed:8816653,11097441}
will create
Click on citation to view abstract
Thu Jul 29 17:48:06 PDT 2010
Bernstein J, Adler LM, Blank JE, Dalsey RM, Williams GR, Iannotti JP, 1996. "Evaluation of the Neer system of classification of proximal humeral fractures with computerized tomographic scans and plain radiographs." J Bone Joint Surg Am 78 (9): 1371-5 [PubMed]
Abstract:
The intraobserver reliability and inter-observer reproducibility of the Neer classification system were assessed on the basis of the plain radiographs and computerized tomographic scans of twenty fractures of the proximal part of the humerus. To determine if the observers had difficulty agreeing only about the degree of displacement or angulation (but could determine which segments were fractured), a modified system (in which fracture lines were considered but displacement was not) also was assessed. Finally, the observers were asked to recommend a treatment for the fracture, and the reliability and re-producibility of that decision were measured. The radiographs and computerized tomographic scans were viewed on two occasions by four observers, including two residents in their fifth year of postgraduate study and two fellowship-trained shoulder surgeons. Kappa coefficients then were calculated. The mean kappa coefficient for intraobserver reliability was 0.64 when the fractures were assessed with radiographs alone, 0.72 when they were assessed with radiographs and computerized tomographic scans, 0.68 when they were classified according to the modified system in which displacement and angulation were not considered, and 0.84 for treatment recommendations; the mean kappa coefficients for interobserver reproducibility were 0.52, 0.50, 0.56, and 0.65, respectively. The interobserver reproducibility of the responses of the attending surgeons regarding diagnosis and treatment did not change when the fractures were classified with use of computerized tomographic scans in addition to radiographs or with use of the modified system in which displacement and angulation were not considered; the mean kappa coefficient was 0.64 for all such comparisons. Over-all, the addition of computerized tomographic scans was associated with a slight increase in intraobserver reliability but no increase in interobserver reproducibility. The classification of fractures of the shoulder remains difficult because even experts cannot uniformly agree about which fragments are fractured. Because of this underlying difficulty, optimum patient care might require the development of new imaging modalities and not necessarily new classification systems.
Beredjiklian PK, Bozentka DJ, Steinberg DR, Bernstein J, 2000. "Evaluating the source and content of orthopaedic information on the Internet. The case of carpal tunnel syndrome." J Bone Joint Surg Am 82-A (11): 1540-3 [PubMed]
Abstract:
BACKGROUND: The Internet has become a popular source of medical information for patients. Authors of health-related web pages are not required to adhere to any standard for medical content or accuracy. The goal of the present study was to assess the type, quality, and reliability of information about carpal tunnel syndrome that is available on the Internet. METHODS: The search phrase "carpal tunnel syndrome" was entered into five commonly used World Wide Web search engines. The search results then were given as an ordered list of universal resource locators, or web-site addresses. The top (first) fifty web sites from each of the five searches were combined to create a master roster of 250 web-site addresses. These web sites then were evaluated for authorship and content, and an informational value score ranging from 0 to 100 points was assigned to each. RESULTS: Thirty-three percent of the sites sold commercial products for the evaluation or treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome. An additional 30 percent were commercial web sites that did not sell products. Only 23 percent of the sites were authored by a physician or an academic organization. Fewer than half of the sites offered conventional information. Twenty-three percent of the sites offered unconventional or misleading information. The mean informational value of the web sites was 28.4 of a possible 100 points. CONCLUSIONS: The information about carpal tunnel syndrome on the Internet is of limited quality and poor informational value. The public and the medical communities need to be aware of these limitations so that the quality of medical information available on the World Wide Web can be improved.
General Method
For example: Let's say you wanted to link to a citation supporting the assertion that CT scans don't help with the classification of proximal humeral fractures. In the Rich Text editor, you have typed in the text:
"Bernstein et. al. showed in 1996 that CT scans don't help with the classification of proximal humeral fractures."
Next, go to PubMed or Google Scholar (or, at your peril , anywhere else on the web) to find a reference.
Follow the PubMed (or Google Scholar) links to the article you wish to cite. In this case, let's say you find the article is "Evaluation of the Neer Classification for Proximal Humeral Fractures with CT Scans and Plain Radiographs" from the Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery whose URL on PubMed is "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8816653". (This address is of course displayed in the address line of the browser displaying the PubMed page.)
Highlight that address line with your mouse and copy it (using Control + C).
(If you don't know what the address line of your browser is, take note that the URL of this particular page is www.orthopaedia.com/display/Main/Citations+Methods. Look for that text on the top line of your browser now)
Next:
Select the text you want to link from. (in this case it is the three words "Bernstein et. al".) Hold left mouse button and select the text.
Click on the Insert/Edit Link icon in the editor. If you are using the Rich Text editor, it is the Icon to the right of the smiley face. The shortcut is Crl-K. A pop up window will appear.
Click on External Link tab in that popup window, second from the right, and paste the URL you copied above, ie. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8816653 into the "Enter hyperlink" box. Make sure you include the http:// that is already present.
Click OK
Save the Orthopaedia page.
The result will be as follows:
Bernstein et. al. showed in 1996 that CT scans don't help with the classification of proximal humeral fractures.
. Orthopaedia Main - Citation Methods. In: Orthopaedia - Collaborative Orthopaedic Knowledgebase. Created Mar 30, 2007 19:08 by Joseph Bernstein, Last modified Mar 10, 2010 14:43 ver.44. Retrieved 2010-07-29, from http://www.orthopaedia.com/x/7oAS.
Contributions
The following individuals have contributed to this page:
Thu Jul 29 17:48:05 PDT 2010
